A tower block, high-rise, residential towers, apartment tower, office tower, apartment block, or block of flats, is a tall building or structure used as a residential and/or office building.
In some areas they may be referred to as “MDU” standing for “Multi Dwelling Unit”.
High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator (lift) and cheaper, more abundant building materials.
The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel.
Most North American style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete.
There is no clear difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper.
High-rise structures pose particular design challenges for structural and geotechnical engineers, particularly if situated in a seismically active region or if the underlying soils have geotechnical risk factors such as high compressibility or bay mud.
They also pose serious challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures.
New and old building design, building systems like the building standpipe system, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), fire sprinkler system and other things like stairwell and elevator evacuations pose significant problems.
Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed.
In order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks.
Apartment buildings have technical and economic advantages in areas of high population density, and have become a distinctive feature of housing accommodation in virtually all densely populated urban areas around the world.
In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land and decrease the cost of municipal infrastructure.
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